package yggdrasil // This part constructs a spanning tree of the network // It routes packets based on distance on the spanning tree // In general, this is *not* equivalent to routing on the tree // It falls back to the tree in the worst case, but it can take shortcuts too // This is the part that makse routing reasonably efficient on scale-free graphs // TODO document/comment everything in a lot more detail // TODO? use a pre-computed lookup table (python version had this) // A little annoying to do with constant changes from backpressure import ( "math/rand" "sync" "sync/atomic" "time" ) const ( switch_timeout = time.Minute switch_updateInterval = switch_timeout / 2 switch_throttle = switch_updateInterval / 2 switch_faster_threshold = 240 //Number of switch updates before switching to a faster parent ) // The switch locator represents the topology and network state dependent info about a node, minus the signatures that go with it. // Nodes will pick the best root they see, provided that the root continues to push out updates with new timestamps. // The coords represent a path from the root to a node. // This path is generally part of a spanning tree, except possibly the last hop (it can loop when sending coords to your parent, but they see this and know not to use a looping path). type switchLocator struct { root sigPubKey tstamp int64 coords []switchPort } // Returns true if the first sigPubKey has a higher TreeID. func firstIsBetter(first, second *sigPubKey) bool { // Higher TreeID is better ftid := getTreeID(first) stid := getTreeID(second) for idx := 0; idx < len(ftid); idx++ { if ftid[idx] == stid[idx] { continue } return ftid[idx] > stid[idx] } // Edge case, when comparing identical IDs return false } // Returns a copy of the locator which can safely be mutated. func (l *switchLocator) clone() switchLocator { // Used to create a deep copy for use in messages // Copy required because we need to mutate coords before sending // (By appending the port from us to the destination) loc := *l loc.coords = make([]switchPort, len(l.coords), len(l.coords)+1) copy(loc.coords, l.coords) return loc } // Gets the distance a locator is from the provided destination coords, with the coords provided in []byte format (used to compress integers sent over the wire). func (l *switchLocator) dist(dest []byte) int { // Returns distance (on the tree) from these coords offset := 0 fdc := 0 for { if fdc >= len(l.coords) { break } coord, length := wire_decode_uint64(dest[offset:]) if length == 0 { break } if l.coords[fdc] != switchPort(coord) { break } fdc++ offset += length } dist := len(l.coords[fdc:]) for { _, length := wire_decode_uint64(dest[offset:]) if length == 0 { break } dist++ offset += length } return dist } // Gets coords in wire encoded format, with *no* length prefix. func (l *switchLocator) getCoords() []byte { bs := make([]byte, 0, len(l.coords)) for _, coord := range l.coords { c := wire_encode_uint64(uint64(coord)) bs = append(bs, c...) } return bs } // Returns true if the this locator represents an ancestor of the locator given as an argument. // Ancestor means that it's the parent node, or the parent of parent, and so on... func (x *switchLocator) isAncestorOf(y *switchLocator) bool { if x.root != y.root { return false } if len(x.coords) > len(y.coords) { return false } for idx := range x.coords { if x.coords[idx] != y.coords[idx] { return false } } return true } // Information about a peer, used by the switch to build the tree and eventually make routing decisions. type peerInfo struct { key sigPubKey // ID of this peer locator switchLocator // Should be able to respond with signatures upon request degree uint64 // Self-reported degree time time.Time // Time this node was last seen faster map[switchPort]uint64 // Counter of how often a node is faster than the current parent, penalized extra if slower port switchPort // Interface number of this peer msg switchMsg // The wire switchMsg used } // This is just a uint64 with a named type for clarity reasons. type switchPort uint64 // This is the subset of the information about a peer needed to make routing decisions, and it stored separately in an atomically accessed table, which gets hammered in the "hot loop" of the routing logic (see: peer.handleTraffic in peers.go). type tableElem struct { port switchPort locator switchLocator } // This is the subset of the information about all peers needed to make routing decisions, and it stored separately in an atomically accessed table, which gets hammered in the "hot loop" of the routing logic (see: peer.handleTraffic in peers.go). type lookupTable struct { self switchLocator elems map[switchPort]tableElem } // This is switch information which is mutable and needs to be modified by other goroutines, but is not accessed atomically. // Use the switchTable functions to access it safely using the RWMutex for synchronization. type switchData struct { // All data that's mutable and used by exported Table methods // To be read/written with atomic.Value Store/Load calls locator switchLocator seq uint64 // Sequence number, reported to peers, so they know about changes peers map[switchPort]peerInfo msg *switchMsg } // All the information stored by the switch. type switchTable struct { core *Core key sigPubKey // Our own key time time.Time // Time when locator.tstamp was last updated drop map[sigPubKey]int64 // Tstamp associated with a dropped root mutex sync.RWMutex // Lock for reads/writes of switchData parent switchPort // Port of whatever peer is our parent, or self if we're root data switchData // updater atomic.Value // *sync.Once table atomic.Value // lookupTable packetIn chan []byte // Incoming packets for the worker to handle idleIn chan switchPort // Incoming idle notifications from peer links admin chan func() // Pass a lambda for the admin socket to query stuff queues switch_buffers // Queues - not atomic so ONLY use through admin chan queueTotalMaxSize uint64 // Maximum combined size of queues } // Minimum allowed total size of switch queues. const SwitchQueueTotalMinSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024 // Initializes the switchTable struct. func (t *switchTable) init(core *Core, key sigPubKey) { now := time.Now() t.core = core t.key = key locator := switchLocator{root: key, tstamp: now.Unix()} peers := make(map[switchPort]peerInfo) t.data = switchData{locator: locator, peers: peers} t.updater.Store(&sync.Once{}) t.table.Store(lookupTable{}) t.drop = make(map[sigPubKey]int64) t.packetIn = make(chan []byte, 1024) t.idleIn = make(chan switchPort, 1024) t.admin = make(chan func()) t.queueTotalMaxSize = SwitchQueueTotalMinSize } // Safely gets a copy of this node's locator. func (t *switchTable) getLocator() switchLocator { t.mutex.RLock() defer t.mutex.RUnlock() return t.data.locator.clone() } // Regular maintenance to possibly timeout/reset the root and similar. func (t *switchTable) doMaintenance() { // Periodic maintenance work to keep things internally consistent t.mutex.Lock() // Write lock defer t.mutex.Unlock() // Release lock when we're done t.cleanRoot() t.cleanDropped() t.cleanPeers() } // Updates the root periodically if it is ourself, or promotes ourself to root if we're better than the current root or if the current root has timed out. func (t *switchTable) cleanRoot() { // TODO rethink how this is done?... // Get rid of the root if it looks like its timed out now := time.Now() doUpdate := false if now.Sub(t.time) > switch_timeout { dropped := t.data.peers[t.parent] dropped.time = t.time t.drop[t.data.locator.root] = t.data.locator.tstamp doUpdate = true } // Or, if we're better than our root, root ourself if firstIsBetter(&t.key, &t.data.locator.root) { doUpdate = true } // Or, if we are the root, possibly update our timestamp if t.data.locator.root == t.key && now.Sub(t.time) > switch_updateInterval { doUpdate = true } if doUpdate { t.parent = switchPort(0) t.time = now if t.data.locator.root != t.key { t.data.seq++ t.updater.Store(&sync.Once{}) select { case t.core.router.reset <- struct{}{}: default: } } t.data.locator = switchLocator{root: t.key, tstamp: now.Unix()} t.core.peers.sendSwitchMsgs() } } // Removes a peer. // Must be called by the router mainLoop goroutine, e.g. call router.doAdmin with a lambda that calls this. // If the removed peer was this node's parent, it immediately tries to find a new parent. func (t *switchTable) forgetPeer(port switchPort) { t.mutex.Lock() defer t.mutex.Unlock() delete(t.data.peers, port) t.updater.Store(&sync.Once{}) if port != t.parent { return } t.parent = 0 for _, info := range t.data.peers { t.unlockedHandleMsg(&info.msg, info.port, true) } } // Clean all unresponsive peers from the table, needed in case a peer stops updating. // Needed in case a non-parent peer keeps the connection open but stops sending updates. // Also reclaims space from deleted peers by copying the map. func (t *switchTable) cleanPeers() { now := time.Now() for port, peer := range t.data.peers { if now.Sub(peer.time) > switch_timeout+switch_throttle { // Longer than switch_timeout to make sure we don't remove a working peer because the root stopped responding. delete(t.data.peers, port) } } if _, isIn := t.data.peers[t.parent]; !isIn { // The root timestamp would probably time out before this happens, but better safe than sorry. // We removed the current parent, so find a new one. t.parent = 0 for _, peer := range t.data.peers { t.unlockedHandleMsg(&peer.msg, peer.port, true) } } } // Dropped is a list of roots that are better than the current root, but stopped sending new timestamps. // If we switch to a new root, and that root is better than an old root that previously timed out, then we can clean up the old dropped root infos. // This function is called periodically to do that cleanup. func (t *switchTable) cleanDropped() { // TODO? only call this after root changes, not periodically for root := range t.drop { if !firstIsBetter(&root, &t.data.locator.root) { delete(t.drop, root) } } } // A switchMsg contains the root node's sig key, timestamp, and signed per-hop information about a path from the root node to some other node in the network. // This is exchanged with peers to construct the spanning tree. // A subset of this information, excluding the signatures, is used to construct locators that are used elsewhere in the code. type switchMsg struct { Root sigPubKey TStamp int64 Hops []switchMsgHop } // This represents the signed information about the path leading from the root the Next node, via the Port specified here. type switchMsgHop struct { Port switchPort Next sigPubKey Sig sigBytes } // This returns a *switchMsg to a copy of this node's current switchMsg, which can safely have additional information appended to Hops and sent to a peer. func (t *switchTable) getMsg() *switchMsg { t.mutex.RLock() defer t.mutex.RUnlock() if t.parent == 0 { return &switchMsg{Root: t.key, TStamp: t.data.locator.tstamp} } else if parent, isIn := t.data.peers[t.parent]; isIn { msg := parent.msg msg.Hops = append([]switchMsgHop(nil), msg.Hops...) return &msg } else { return nil } } // This function checks that the root information in a switchMsg is OK. // In particular, that the root is better, or else the same as the current root but with a good timestamp, and that this root+timestamp haven't been dropped due to timeout. func (t *switchTable) checkRoot(msg *switchMsg) bool { // returns false if it's a dropped root, not a better root, or has an older timestamp // returns true otherwise // used elsewhere to keep inserting peers into the dht only if root info is OK t.mutex.RLock() defer t.mutex.RUnlock() dropTstamp, isIn := t.drop[msg.Root] switch { case isIn && dropTstamp >= msg.TStamp: return false case firstIsBetter(&msg.Root, &t.data.locator.root): return true case t.data.locator.root != msg.Root: return false case t.data.locator.tstamp > msg.TStamp: return false default: return true } } // This is a mutexed wrapper to unlockedHandleMsg, and is called by the peer structs in peers.go to pass a switchMsg for that peer into the switch. func (t *switchTable) handleMsg(msg *switchMsg, fromPort switchPort) { t.mutex.Lock() defer t.mutex.Unlock() t.unlockedHandleMsg(msg, fromPort, false) } // This updates the switch with information about a peer. // Then the tricky part, it decides if it should update our own locator as a result. // That happens if this node is already our parent, or is advertising a better root, or is advertising a better path to the same root, etc... // There are a lot of very delicate order sensitive checks here, so its' best to just read the code if you need to understand what it's doing. // It's very important to not change the order of the statements in the case function unless you're absolutely sure that it's safe, including safe if used along side nodes that used the previous order. // Set the third arg to true if you're reprocessing an old message, e.g. to find a new parent after one disconnects, to avoid updating some timing related things. func (t *switchTable) unlockedHandleMsg(msg *switchMsg, fromPort switchPort, reprocessing bool) { // TODO directly use a switchMsg instead of switchMessage + sigs now := time.Now() // Set up the sender peerInfo var sender peerInfo sender.locator.root = msg.Root sender.locator.tstamp = msg.TStamp prevKey := msg.Root for _, hop := range msg.Hops { // Build locator sender.locator.coords = append(sender.locator.coords, hop.Port) sender.key = prevKey prevKey = hop.Next } sender.msg = *msg sender.port = fromPort sender.time = now // Decide what to do equiv := func(x *switchLocator, y *switchLocator) bool { if x.root != y.root { return false } if len(x.coords) != len(y.coords) { return false } for idx := range x.coords { if x.coords[idx] != y.coords[idx] { return false } } return true } doUpdate := false oldSender := t.data.peers[fromPort] if !equiv(&sender.locator, &oldSender.locator) { // Reset faster info, we'll start refilling it right after this sender.faster = nil doUpdate = true } // Update the matrix of peer "faster" thresholds if reprocessing { sender.faster = oldSender.faster } else { sender.faster = make(map[switchPort]uint64, len(oldSender.faster)) for port, peer := range t.data.peers { if port == fromPort { continue } else if sender.locator.root != peer.locator.root || sender.locator.tstamp > peer.locator.tstamp { // We were faster than this node, so increment, as long as we don't overflow because of it if oldSender.faster[peer.port] < switch_faster_threshold { sender.faster[port] = oldSender.faster[peer.port] + 1 } else { sender.faster[port] = switch_faster_threshold } } else { // Slower than this node, penalize (more than the reward amount) if oldSender.faster[port] > 1 { sender.faster[port] = oldSender.faster[peer.port] - 2 } else { sender.faster[port] = 0 } } } } // Update sender t.data.peers[fromPort] = sender // Decide if we should also update our root info to make the sender our parent updateRoot := false oldParent, isIn := t.data.peers[t.parent] noParent := !isIn noLoop := func() bool { for idx := 0; idx < len(msg.Hops)-1; idx++ { if msg.Hops[idx].Next == t.core.sigPub { return false } } if sender.locator.root == t.core.sigPub { return false } return true }() dropTstamp, isIn := t.drop[sender.locator.root] // Decide if we need to update info about the root or change parents. switch { case !noLoop: // This route loops, so we can't use the sender as our parent. case isIn && dropTstamp >= sender.locator.tstamp: // This is a known root with a timestamp older than a known timeout, so we can't trust it to be a new announcement. case firstIsBetter(&sender.locator.root, &t.data.locator.root): // This is a better root than what we're currently using, so we should update. updateRoot = true case t.data.locator.root != sender.locator.root: // This is not the same root, and it's apparently not better (from the above), so we should ignore it. case t.data.locator.tstamp > sender.locator.tstamp: // This timetsamp is older than the most recently seen one from this root, so we should ignore it. case noParent: // We currently have no working parent, and at this point in the switch statement, anything is better than nothing. updateRoot = true case sender.faster[t.parent] >= switch_faster_threshold: // The is reliably faster than the current parent. updateRoot = true case reprocessing && sender.faster[t.parent] > oldParent.faster[sender.port]: // The sender seems to be reliably faster than the current parent, so switch to them instead. updateRoot = true case sender.port != t.parent: // Ignore further cases if the sender isn't our parent. case !reprocessing && !equiv(&sender.locator, &t.data.locator): // Special case: // If coords changed, then we need to penalize this node somehow, to prevent flapping. // First, reset all faster-related info to 0. // Then, de-parent the node and reprocess all messages to find a new parent. t.parent = 0 for _, peer := range t.data.peers { if peer.port == sender.port { continue } t.unlockedHandleMsg(&peer.msg, peer.port, true) } // Process the sender last, to avoid keeping them as a parent if at all possible. t.unlockedHandleMsg(&sender.msg, sender.port, true) case now.Sub(t.time) < switch_throttle: // We've already gotten an update from this root recently, so ignore this one to avoid flooding. case sender.locator.tstamp > t.data.locator.tstamp: // The timestamp was updated, so we need to update locally and send to our peers. updateRoot = true } if updateRoot { if !equiv(&sender.locator, &t.data.locator) { doUpdate = true t.data.seq++ select { case t.core.router.reset <- struct{}{}: default: } } if t.data.locator.tstamp != sender.locator.tstamp { t.time = now } t.data.locator = sender.locator t.parent = sender.port t.core.peers.sendSwitchMsgs() } if doUpdate { t.updater.Store(&sync.Once{}) } return } //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // The rest of these are related to the switch worker // This is called via a sync.Once to update the atomically readable subset of switch information that gets used for routing decisions. func (t *switchTable) updateTable() { // WARNING this should only be called from within t.data.updater.Do() // It relies on the sync.Once for synchronization with messages and lookups // TODO use a pre-computed faster lookup table // Instead of checking distance for every destination every time // Array of structs, indexed by first coord that differs from self // Each struct has stores the best port to forward to, and a next coord map // Move to struct, then iterate over coord maps until you dead end // The last port before the dead end should be the closest t.mutex.RLock() defer t.mutex.RUnlock() newTable := lookupTable{ self: t.data.locator.clone(), elems: make(map[switchPort]tableElem, len(t.data.peers)), } for _, pinfo := range t.data.peers { //if !pinfo.forward { continue } if pinfo.locator.root != newTable.self.root { continue } loc := pinfo.locator.clone() loc.coords = loc.coords[:len(loc.coords)-1] // Remove the them->self link newTable.elems[pinfo.port] = tableElem{ locator: loc, port: pinfo.port, } } t.table.Store(newTable) } // Returns a copy of the atomically-updated table used for switch lookups func (t *switchTable) getTable() lookupTable { t.updater.Load().(*sync.Once).Do(t.updateTable) return t.table.Load().(lookupTable) } // Starts the switch worker func (t *switchTable) start() error { t.core.log.Println("Starting switch") go t.doWorker() return nil } // Check if a packet should go to the self node // This means there's no node closer to the destination than us // This is mainly used to identify packets addressed to us, or that hit a blackhole func (t *switchTable) selfIsClosest(dest []byte) bool { table := t.getTable() myDist := table.self.dist(dest) if myDist == 0 { // Skip the iteration step if it's impossible to be closer return true } for _, info := range table.elems { dist := info.locator.dist(dest) if dist < myDist { return false } } return true } // Returns true if the peer is closer to the destination than ourself func (t *switchTable) portIsCloser(dest []byte, port switchPort) bool { table := t.getTable() if info, isIn := table.elems[port]; isIn { theirDist := info.locator.dist(dest) myDist := table.self.dist(dest) return theirDist < myDist } else { return false } } // Get the coords of a packet without decoding func switch_getPacketCoords(packet []byte) []byte { _, pTypeLen := wire_decode_uint64(packet) coords, _ := wire_decode_coords(packet[pTypeLen:]) return coords } // Returns a unique string for each stream of traffic // Equal to coords // The sender may append arbitrary info to the end of coords (as long as it's begins with a 0x00) to designate separate traffic streams // Currently, it's the IPv6 next header type and the first 2 uint16 of the next header // This is equivalent to the TCP/UDP protocol numbers and the source / dest ports // TODO figure out if something else would make more sense (other transport protocols?) func switch_getPacketStreamID(packet []byte) string { return string(switch_getPacketCoords(packet)) } // Find the best port for a given set of coords func (t *switchTable) bestPortForCoords(coords []byte) switchPort { table := t.getTable() var best switchPort bestDist := table.self.dist(coords) for to, elem := range table.elems { dist := elem.locator.dist(coords) if !(dist < bestDist) { continue } best = to bestDist = dist } return best } // Handle an incoming packet // Either send it to ourself, or to the first idle peer that's free // Returns true if the packet has been handled somehow, false if it should be queued func (t *switchTable) handleIn(packet []byte, idle map[switchPort]struct{}) bool { coords := switch_getPacketCoords(packet) ports := t.core.peers.getPorts() if t.selfIsClosest(coords) { // TODO? call the router directly, and remove the whole concept of a self peer? ports[0].sendPacket(packet) return true } table := t.getTable() myDist := table.self.dist(coords) var best *peer bestDist := myDist for port := range idle { if to := ports[port]; to != nil { if info, isIn := table.elems[to.port]; isIn { dist := info.locator.dist(coords) if !(dist < bestDist) { continue } best = to bestDist = dist } } } if best != nil { // Send to the best idle next hop delete(idle, best.port) best.sendPacket(packet) return true } else { // Didn't find anyone idle to send it to return false } } // Info about a buffered packet type switch_packetInfo struct { bytes []byte time time.Time // Timestamp of when the packet arrived } // Used to keep track of buffered packets type switch_buffer struct { packets []switch_packetInfo // Currently buffered packets, which may be dropped if it grows too large size uint64 // Total queue size in bytes } type switch_buffers struct { switchTable *switchTable bufs map[string]switch_buffer // Buffers indexed by StreamID size uint64 // Total size of all buffers, in bytes maxbufs int maxsize uint64 } func (b *switch_buffers) cleanup(t *switchTable) { for streamID, buf := range b.bufs { // Remove queues for which we have no next hop packet := buf.packets[0] coords := switch_getPacketCoords(packet.bytes) if t.selfIsClosest(coords) { for _, packet := range buf.packets { util_putBytes(packet.bytes) } b.size -= buf.size delete(b.bufs, streamID) } } for b.size > b.switchTable.queueTotalMaxSize { // Drop a random queue target := rand.Uint64() % b.size var size uint64 // running total for streamID, buf := range b.bufs { size += buf.size if size < target { continue } var packet switch_packetInfo packet, buf.packets = buf.packets[0], buf.packets[1:] buf.size -= uint64(len(packet.bytes)) b.size -= uint64(len(packet.bytes)) util_putBytes(packet.bytes) if len(buf.packets) == 0 { delete(b.bufs, streamID) } else { // Need to update the map, since buf was retrieved by value b.bufs[streamID] = buf } break } } } // Handles incoming idle notifications // Loops over packets and sends the newest one that's OK for this peer to send // Returns true if the peer is no longer idle, false if it should be added to the idle list func (t *switchTable) handleIdle(port switchPort) bool { to := t.core.peers.getPorts()[port] if to == nil { return true } var best string var bestPriority float64 t.queues.cleanup(t) now := time.Now() for streamID, buf := range t.queues.bufs { // Filter over the streams that this node is closer to // Keep the one with the smallest queue packet := buf.packets[0] coords := switch_getPacketCoords(packet.bytes) priority := float64(now.Sub(packet.time)) / float64(buf.size) if priority > bestPriority && t.portIsCloser(coords, port) { best = streamID bestPriority = priority } } if bestPriority != 0 { buf := t.queues.bufs[best] var packet switch_packetInfo // TODO decide if this should be LIFO or FIFO packet, buf.packets = buf.packets[0], buf.packets[1:] buf.size -= uint64(len(packet.bytes)) t.queues.size -= uint64(len(packet.bytes)) if len(buf.packets) == 0 { delete(t.queues.bufs, best) } else { // Need to update the map, since buf was retrieved by value t.queues.bufs[best] = buf } to.sendPacket(packet.bytes) return true } else { return false } } // The switch worker does routing lookups and sends packets to where they need to be func (t *switchTable) doWorker() { t.queues.switchTable = t t.queues.bufs = make(map[string]switch_buffer) // Packets per PacketStreamID (string) idle := make(map[switchPort]struct{}) // this is to deduplicate things for { select { case bytes := <-t.packetIn: // Try to send it somewhere (or drop it if it's corrupt or at a dead end) if !t.handleIn(bytes, idle) { // There's nobody free to take it right now, so queue it for later packet := switch_packetInfo{bytes, time.Now()} streamID := switch_getPacketStreamID(packet.bytes) buf, bufExists := t.queues.bufs[streamID] buf.packets = append(buf.packets, packet) buf.size += uint64(len(packet.bytes)) t.queues.size += uint64(len(packet.bytes)) // Keep a track of the max total queue size if t.queues.size > t.queues.maxsize { t.queues.maxsize = t.queues.size } t.queues.bufs[streamID] = buf if !bufExists { // Keep a track of the max total queue count. Only recalculate this // when the queue is new because otherwise repeating len(dict) might // cause unnecessary processing overhead if len(t.queues.bufs) > t.queues.maxbufs { t.queues.maxbufs = len(t.queues.bufs) } } t.queues.cleanup(t) } case port := <-t.idleIn: // Try to find something to send to this peer if !t.handleIdle(port) { // Didn't find anything ready to send yet, so stay idle idle[port] = struct{}{} } case f := <-t.admin: f() } } } // Passed a function to call. // This will send the function to t.admin and block until it finishes. func (t *switchTable) doAdmin(f func()) { // Pass this a function that needs to be run by the router's main goroutine // It will pass the function to the router and wait for the router to finish done := make(chan struct{}) newF := func() { f() close(done) } t.admin <- newF <-done }