lfs-ru/chapter09/locale.xml

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<sect1 id="ch-config-locale" revision="systemd">
  <?dbhtml filename="locale.html"?>

  <title>Настройка системной локали</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-config-locale">
    <primary sortas="e-etc-locale-conf">/etc/locale.conf</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>В приведенном ниже файле <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> 
  задаются некоторые переменные окружения, необходимые для поддержки вашего языка. 
  Правильная их установка влияет на:</para>

  <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>Выходные данные программ, переводимых на ваш родной язык</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Правильную интерпретацию символов в буквы, цифры и другие классы.
       Это необходимо для того, чтобы <command>bash</command> правильно принимал 
	   не-ASCII символы, в командной строке в неанглоязычных языковых системах</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Правильную для страны сортировку по алфавиту</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Соответствующий формат бумаги по умолчанию</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
      <para>Правильное форматирование денежных значений, значений времени и дат</para>
    </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>Ниже замените <replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable> двухбуквенным кодом нужного вам языка 
  (например <quote>en</quote>), а 
  <replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable> двухбуквенным кодом соответствующей страны (например <quote>GB</quote>).
  <replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable> нужно заменить на каноническую кодировку для выбраной вами
  локали. Также могут присутствовать необязательные модификаторы, такие как <quote>@euro</quote>.</para>

  <para>Список всех локалей, поддерживаемых Glibc, можно получить, выполнив следующую команду:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen>

  <para>Таблицы символов могут иметь несколько синонимов. Например <quote>ISO-8859-1</quote>
  так же называют <quote>iso8859-1</quote> и <quote>iso88591</quote>.
  Некоторые приложения не могут корректно обрабатывать различные синонимы (например <quote>UTF-8</quote>
  должно быть указано как <quote>UTF-8</quote>, а не <quote>utf8</quote>), поэтому 
  в большинстве случаев безопаснее всего выбрать каноническое имя для конкретной 
  локали. Для определения канонического имени локали выполните следующую команду, 
  заменив <replaceable>&lt;locale name&gt;</replaceable> на вывод <command>locale -a</command> 
  для желаемой локали (например <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote>).</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<replaceable>&lt;locale name&gt;</replaceable> locale charmap</userinput></screen>

  <para>For the <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> locale, the above command
  will print:</para>

<screen><computeroutput>ISO-8859-1</computeroutput></screen>

  <para>This results in a final locale setting of <quote>en_GB.ISO-8859-1</quote>.
  It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior
  to it being added to the Bash startup files:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale language
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale charmap
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_curr_symbol
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_prefix</userinput></screen>

  <para>The above commands should print the language name, the character
  encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and the prefix to dial
  before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the
  commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means
  that your locale was either not installed in Chapter&nbsp;8 or is not
  supported by the default installation of Glibc.</para>

<screen><computeroutput>locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</computeroutput></screen>

  <para>If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the
  <command>localedef</command> command, or consider choosing a different locale.
  Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from
  Glibc.</para>

  <!-- FIXME: the xlib example will become obsolete in the future.-->
  <para>Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. One
  example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs the
  following error message if the locale does not exactly match one of the character
  map names in its internal files:</para>

<screen><computeroutput>Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</computeroutput></screen>

  <para>In several cases Xlib expects that the character map will be listed in
  uppercase notation with canonical dashes. For instance, "ISO-8859-1" rather
  than "iso88591". It is also  possible to find an appropriate specification by
  removing the charmap part of the locale specification.  This can be checked
  by running the <command>locale charmap</command> command in both locales.
  For example, one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to
  "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.</para>

  <para>Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily
  display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations.
  In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale
  might provide some useful information.</para>

  <para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the
  <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> file:</para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/locale.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>LANG=<replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;_&lt;CC&gt;.&lt;charmap&gt;&lt;@modifiers&gt;</replaceable></literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>Note that you can modify <filename>/etc/locale.conf</filename> with the
  systemd <command>localectl</command> utility. To use
  <command>localectl</command> for the example above, run:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="<replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;_&lt;CC&gt;.&lt;charmap&gt;&lt;@modifiers&gt;</replaceable>"</userinput></screen>

  <para>You can also specify other language specific environment variables such
  as <envar>LANG</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, <envar>LC_NUMERIC</envar> or
  any other environment variable from <command>locale</command> output. Just
  separate them with a space. An example where <envar>LANG</envar> is set as
  en_US.UTF-8 but <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar> is set as just en_US is:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>localectl set-locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LC_CTYPE="en_US"</userinput></screen>

  <note><para>Please note that the <command>localectl</command> command
  doesn't work in the chroot environment.  It can only
  be used after the LFS system is booted with systemd.</para></note>

  <para>The <quote>C</quote> (default) and <quote>en_US</quote> (the recommended
  one for United States English users) locales are different. <quote>C</quote>
  uses the US-ASCII 7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set
  as invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <command>ls</command> command
  substitutes them with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send
  mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in non-RFC-conforming
  messages being sent (the charset in the outgoing mail is indicated as <quote>unknown
  8-bit</quote>). It's suggested that you use the <quote>C</quote> locale only
  if you are certain that you will never need 8-bit characters.</para>

<!--
  <para>UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by many programs.
  Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems, see
  <ulink url="&blfs-book;introduction/locale-issues.html"/>.</para>
-->

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